本书以青藏高原高海拔地区特殊地理位置和低压环境条件为立足点，充分考虑在低压缺氧环境下车辆综合性能衰减和长期积雪冰冻中行车稳定性剧降，同时易引发驾驶员的高原反应和疲劳驾驶等因素，全面系统地介绍了高海拔地区低压缺氧环境下大型典型货运车型综合性能以及驾驶员的心理生理变化和驾驶行为变化规律、高速公路运行速度预测模型、高速公路速度控制与安全设计关键技术、高速公路几何设计关键技术指标与取值标准、服务设施配置标准等研究成果，最后结合在花石峡至大武公路工程的示范和应用，对示范工程的公路路线设计、速度控制设施进行了优化与完善。

目  录

1 Introduction ................................................... 1

1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.2 Introduction to Research Status Worldwide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1.2.1 Vehicle Dynamic Characteristics at High Altitude . . . . . . . . . 6

1.2.2 Psycho-physiological Characteristics of Drivers

in High Altitude Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1.2.3 Characteristics of Freeway Traffic Operation

in High-Altitude Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

1.2.4 Geometric Technical Indicators of Freeway Routes

in High Altitude Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

1.3 Main Research Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

1.3.1 Research on Vehicle Performance and Driving

Behavior in Low Pressure and Oxygen Deficient

Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

1.3.2 Research on Traffic Features and Speed Control

of Freeways in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Region . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

1.3.3 Research on Main Technical Indicators of Freeway

Alignment in Low Pressure and Oxygen Deficient

Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

1.3.4 Study on Technical Standards and Design Guidelines

for Qinghai-Tibet Freeway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

1.4 Technical Difficulties and Research Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

1.5 Scientific and Technological Achievements and Innovation . . . . . . . 43

1.6 Application of Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

1.7 Economic and Social Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

2 The Characteristics of Traffic Operation in High Altitude Areas . . . . 55

2.1 Characteristics of Traffic Accidents in Special High Altitude

Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

2.1.1 Basic Data on Traffic Accidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

2.1.2 The Indicators and Methods of Traffic Accident

Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

2.1.3 General Distribution Characteristics of Traffic

Accidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

2.1.4 Characteristics of the Relationship Between

Traffic Accidents and People, Vehicles, Roads

and the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

2.2 The Characteristics of the Traffic Flow in Special High

Altitude Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

2.2.1 Basic Data Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

2.2.2 Traffic Volume and Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

2.2.3 Analysis of Traffic Flow Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

2.3 Traffic Safety Service Level in High Altitude Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

2.3.1 Determination of Road Segmentation Method . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

2.3.2 Analysis of Traffic Accident Influencing Factors . . . . . . . . . . 116

2.3.3 Regional Highway Accident Prediction Model . . . . . . . . . . . 118

2.3.4 General Distribution Characteristics of Traffic

Accidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

2.3.5 Traffic Safety Service Level of Secondary Highway . . . . . . . 136

2.3.6 Preliminary Study on Freeway Traffic Safety Service

Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

3 Dynamic Features of Typical Vehicles Under Low Pressure

and Oxygen Deficient Environment in High Altitude Areas . . . . . . . . . 141

3.1 Vehicle Types and Methods for Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

3.1.1 Vehicle Types for Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

3.1.2 Test Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

3.1.3 Test Site and Environmental Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

3.2 Principles of Vehicle Dynamics in Plateau Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

3.2.1 Principles of Vehicle Driving Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

3.2.2 Principle of Vehicle Driving Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

3.2.3 Altitude-Based Power and Resistance Discounting

Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

3.3 External Characteristics of Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

3.3.1 Test and Calculation Process of Engine External

Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

3.3.2 Comparison of Engine External Characteristics

at Different Altitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

3.3.3 Analysis of Engine Torque Reduction Coefficient . . . . . . . . . 163

3.4 Engine Braking Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

3.4.1 Engine Braking Characteristic Test and Calculation

Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

3.4.2 Comparison of Engine Braking Characteristics

at Different Altitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

3.4.3 Analysis of Engine Braking Torque Reduction

Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172